Tissue culture was made possible by Harrison’s proof of the outgrowth of nerve-fibers from ganglion cells.

The first comprehensive work on sports medicine. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

“Sluder’s neuralgia” first described.

Edited by Winterstein.

First experimental study of the electrocardiographic changes in bundle-branch block.

"Later, as professor and director of the internal clinic at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus in Vienna, Eppinger became one of the most notorious of Nazi doctors. In the Dachau concentration camp he and his colleague professor Wilhelm Beigelbock conducted cruel experiments on 90 Gypsy prisoners to test the potability of sea water. The Gypsies became so profoundly dehydrated that they were seen licking the floors after they were mopped just to get a drop of water. Having sea water as their only source of fluid, the Gypsies developed severe physical problems and died within six to twelve days.

"Eppinger was also notorious for his inhuman treatment of patients. On one occasion he brought a patient to the lecture theatre and introduced him to the students with the following words: "Nephritis can be compared with a tragedy in five acts and" – pointing to the patient – "this is the final act of the tragedy." The patient broke down in tears and was obviously distressed throughout the demonstration. (Otto Flemming)" (http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2815.html, accessed 02-2018).

Demonstration of antibodies in convalescent serum in monkeys.

Gay and Lucas were the first to make accurate cell counts of the spinal fluid in poliomyelitis.

Antibodies discovered in human convalescentserum. See also No. 4670.3.

Serum from a monkey that had recovered from experimental poliomyelitis was mixed with an emulsion containing active polio virus; it failed to produce paralytic disease when injected into fresh monkeys.

Digital facsimile from ECHO at this link.

Proof that blood groups are inherited according to Mendelian laws.

Moss showed that the blood of all individuals could be placed into one of four groups. His classification has been the one most commonly used until recently. The work was similar to that of Janský and completed before the writer learned of the latter’s publication.

Price-Jones described a method for the direct measurement of red blood cells, which led to the term, “Price-Jones curve”. See also his book, Red blood cell diameters, London, 1933.

Hygienic Laboratory.- Bulletin No. 59. December, 1909.  Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Biedl showed that the adrenal cortex is essential for life. His classic work shows the rapid development of the knowledge concerning endocrinology. In 1890 there were few publications dealing with internal secretion, but Biedl, in the second edition of his book, 1913, was able to include a bibliography of 8,500 items. The 4th edition (1922) includes an exhaustive bibliography. An English translation appeared in 1912.

First experimental evidence of the relationship between the pituitary and the reproductive system; demonstration that hypophysectomy causes genital atrophy. 

See No. 3896.

The important studies on human embryos, originated by His, were carried on by his pupils, Keibel and Mall. This classic work written by American and German experts “has not yet been superceded” (D.S.B.). The set was published "simultaneously" in German and English, though the German edition of the second volume was dated 1911.

With A. Helbronner and M. de Recklinghausen.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

From antiquity to time of writing, with chapters on pharmacy in mythology, in Shakespeare, in the Bible, and in popularmedicine. 

Discovery of histamine in an ergot extract.

Study of the effect of histamine.

Castellani made several discoveries of great importance in tropical medicine. The above work is a standard text on tropical medicine in English. Third edition, 1919.

Unna was among the first to maintain that the lymphatics were involved in leprosy and that it was curable.

First adequate account of the physiological reactions leading to fatal anaphylactic shock.

The work of Auer and Lewis (see No. 2600) led Meitzer to the conclusion that bronchial asthma was due to anaphylaxis, although he did not appreciate that not all cases of asthma were so caused.

Schultz-Dale test for anaphylaxis. See also No. 2600.5

The fact that tuberculosis was present among the ancient Egyptians was proved when Elliot Smith and Ruffer described a genuine case of Pott’s disease in a mummy of 1000 B.C.E.

This report caused massive reforms in North American medical education, including the closure or merging with stronger institutions, of 76 medical schools between 1910 and 1920. Part 1 is a history and analysis of medical education with recommendations for improvement. Part 2 describes, state by state, each medical school in existence at the time the report was prepared.

Using the Rous chicken sarcoma, Carrel and Burrows were the first to grow tumor tissue in vitro.

Original description of the chicken sarcoma (Rous sarcoma). More than 50 years later (1966) Rous shared the Nobel Prize with Charles Huggins for work on cancer. Rous demonstrated that sarcomatous tumors in hens could be transmitted to normal hens by the injection of cell-free filtrates (virus) of the original tumor. The Rous Sarcoma Virus was the first oncovirus discovered.

After many experiments on the action of synthetic drugs upon spirochetal diseases, Ehrlich and Hata in 1909 discovered Arsphenamine (Salvarsan, "the arsenic that saves", also known as “606”), an effective treatment for syphilis and trypanosomiasis. Arsphenamine was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent.

Manufactured by the German chemical company Hoechst, Salvarsan quickly became the most widely prescribed drug in the world. It was the first blockbuster drug, and remained the most effective drug for syphilis until penicillin became available in the 1940s. Digital facsimile of the German edition from the Internet Archive at this link. English translation, New York, 1912.

Ehrlich's discovery became the subject of the 1940 biographical film entitled Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet. The film was released by Warner Bros., with some controversy over the subject of syphilis in a major studio release. 

Revised edition, 1934.

First clinical and pathological description of bundle-branch block.

Auricular flutter first described.

Libman and Celler found Strep. endocarditis to be the most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis.

First complete description of coronary thrombosis, diagnosed before death and confirmed at necropsy. Reprinted in Klin. Med. (Mosk.), 1949, 27,No. 11, 15-25.

First to isolate Strep viridans in cases of bacterial endocarditis, Schottmüller named the condition Endocarditis lenta.

Huchard and Fiessinger suggested that actual drug therapy should be limited to 20 medicaments.

English translation, 1915.

Identification of the sickle-cell type of anemia.

"This case is reported because of the unusual blood findings, no duplicate of which I have ever seen described. Whether the blood picture represents merely a freakish poikilocytosis or is dependent on some peculiar physical or chemical condition of the blood, or is characteristic of some particular disease, I cannot at present answer. I report some details that may seem non-essential, thinking that if a similar blood condition is found in some other case a comparison of clinical conditions may help in solving the problem."

Balfour’s operation for resection of the sigmoid colon.

First demonstration of the characteristic niche in gastric ulcer.

Mayo’s radical operation for carcinoma of the rectum.

Moynihan greatly advanced our knowledge of duodenal ulcer. He developed the concept of the so-called ulcer sequence, pain-food-ease, and he stressed the well-ordered sequence of symptoms. More than any other he established treatment of duodenal ulcer on a sound basis.

Jacobaeus adapted the cystoscope for the study of the interior of the body; this led to the introduction of the thoracoscope.

New antipneumococcus serum.

Tuffier’s method of extrapleural pneumolysis.

Reverse guillotine tonsillectomy.

Wohlgemuth’s pancreatic function test.

The phenolsulphonephthalein kidney-function test.

Lombard’s test for simulated unilateral deafness.

Beer’s method of transurethral fulguration of bladder tumours, from which arose the operation of transurethral prostatectomy.

Carrel’s experiments showed that it was possible to preserve portions of blood vessels in cold storage for long periods before using them in transplantation. For an appreciation of Carrel, see Garrison’s History, p. 733.

Carrel attempted the direct placement of a bypass vessel in a dog.

Russell carried out important and long-continued investigations on anti-typhoid vaccination in the U.S. Army, demonstrating beyond question its value in selected groups. The war of 1914-18 confirmed the value of the work of Wright and Russell.

"In 1908, Surgeon General O'Reilly sent Russell to England to observe the work of Sir Almroth Wright, Professor at the Royal Army Medical College, who had been experimenting with a method of prophylaxis with killed culture of typhoid organisms to immunize against the disease. Upon Russell's return, he submitted a report on Wright's research, which O'Reilly considered "a very valuable treatise on the epidemiology of this disease". He conducted trials at the Army Medical Museum comparing the efficacy of both an orally administered and an injected vaccine. He packed the vaccine in small single dosage using small glass ampoules which, unlike the 1 liter flasks used in the United Kingdom, ensured that all of the typhoid micro-organisms were killed.^[1]  (Wikipedia article on Frederick F. Russell, accessed 5-2020).

First description of a slowly progressive osteonecrosis of the lunate bone of the wrist; carpal lunate malacia. (“Kienböck’s disease”).

Juvenile osteochondritis deformans (“Calvé–Legg–Perthes disease”; see also Nos. 4381 and 4382.). Previously described by H. Waldenström, Z. orthop. Chir., 1909, 24, 486.

See No. 4380.

See No. 4380.

Urethrography.

T. rhodesiense discovered.

Roseola (exanthema) subitum first described as a distinct entity.

A monkey was first infected and from it the infection was transmitted to a rabbit.

Luckett developed the modern operation for the correction of protruding ears.

Elschnig suggested the anaphylactic theory of the pathogenesis of sympathetic ophthalmia.

Herbert’s small flap sclerotomy.

Includes reprints of Perroncito’s earlier papers. He insisted on the parasitic origin of the disease as it occurred among the St. Gotthard tunnellers in 1880, and he introduced Felix mas as a vermifuge against hookworm.

Ricketts and Wilder differentiated Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus.

Demonstration of the causal organism of typhus.

“Brill’s disease” – recrudescent typhus; first description.

First description of fievre boutonneuse, a form of tick-borne typhus found in Tunisia.

Nicolle demonstrated the transmission of typhus by the body louse Pediculus corporis. He also produced the disease in monkeys and guinea-pigs by the injection of infected blood. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1928. Preliminary communication in C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 1909, 149, 486-89.

The clinical introduction of Meltzer and Auer’s method of intratracheal insufflation marks the beginning of modern endotracheal anesthesia. Also reported in Ann. Surg., 1910, 52, 23-29.

Blair Bell was an outstanding figure in British gynecology and one of the founders of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.

Comprehensive analysis, with thorough bibliographical citations, of classic writings and scholarship in this field, to 1910. Besides medicine and pathology, Includes pharmacy, veterinary medicine, and "medical works in poetic form." Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

English translation, 1912-24.

The first psychoanalytic investigation in art.

East published simultaneously and independently a theory essentially identical to Nilsson-Ehle (No. 245).

Morgan (Nobel Prize 1933) demonstrated sex-limited inheritance.

Forms Vol. 3 of History of Dental Surgery, edited by Charles R. E. Koch. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

"Malone was a strict adherent to the cytoarchitectonic method, and ascribed similar function to neurons with similar shape in different parts of the nervous system. He named the nucleus reuniens (thalamus) here, and ascribed visceral function to it because similar cells were noted in sympathetic ganglia. He also coined the term paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus), which had been discovered but not illustrated by Ziehen in 1901. This was the first detailed cytoarchitectonic study of the human hypothalamus" (Larry W. Swanson).

Steno's collected works, presented in the original Latin with an introduction in English. Digital facsimile from biusante.parisdescartes.fr at this link.

Ghost-written by American journalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American English H. L. Mencken except for the "questions and answers." In a copy that sold at auction at Christies in 1995, Mencken inscribed the following: "I found Hirshberg. He prepared the material and I wrote the copy. More than 125,000 American mothers, using this invaluable text, have saved their brats from smallpox, arterio-sclerosis, poison-vol and delirium tremors. This has been my sole contribution to the salvation of humanity."  Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link. New edition as The H. L. Mencken baby book edited by Howard Markel and Frank Oski (Philadelphia, 1990).

(Thanks to Richard Ramer for this reference.)

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Jones developed this thesis based on Freud's comments on the play, as expressed to Wilhelm Fliess in 1897,^[2] before Freud published the ideas in Chapter V of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900). Jones later developed the paper more fully; It was published in book form as Hamlet and Oedipus (1949). Full text of the 1910 paper from Wikisource at this link.

Vistor's guide to the museum, including the collections formed by John Hunter, when it was intact, before the destruction it suffered in World War II. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Probably the first book on the history of medicine in the State of California. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Concerns the origins and evolution of the humane movement that played a significant role in the emergence and growth of the antivivisection movement in the United States. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Hoag was medical director of the public schools in Berkeley, California. As Hoag wrote in his introduction, the object of this work was "to show teachers and parents how to detect easily those ordinary physical defects of the child which bar his progress in school and life, and to suggest means by which such defects may be removed and good health afterwards maintained. Incidentally it may prove of some value to physicians who are for the first time applying themselves to this special sort of Public Health work." Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

When the authors published this book hookworm disease was endemic in the American south, partly because so many people walked in the soil without wearing shoes, so the hookworms entered their body through the soles of their feet.

The first comprehensive monograph on electrocardiography in any language.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first comprehensive monograph on cardiology written and published in the United States. Hirschfelder interned under William Osler at Johns Hopkins, and became Hopkins's first full-time cardiologist. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Perhaps Osler's most significant discussion of "faith" and faith healing. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.
The same journal issue also contains Clifford Albutt's "Reflections on faith healing," pp. 1453-1457; Henry Morris's " 'Suggestion' in the treatment of disease," pp. 1457-1466; H. T. Butlin's "Remarks on spiritual healing," pp. 1466-1470; T. Claye Shaw's "Considerations on the occult," pp. 1472-1477, and Jame Rorie's "Abstract of a lecture on psycho-pneumatology; or, the interactions of mind, body and soul," pp. 1477-1478.

The first clinical paper on electrocardiography to appear in an American journal (Burch & DePasquale, A History of Electrocardiography,1990, 163.)  James and Williams "published the first ECG recordings in the western hemisphere. The theme of their first paper was tutorial and encouraged physicians to be interested in ECG. To make these recordings, James needed the expertise of Williams, who was technically trained in physics and was a physician as well" (Geddes and Wald, "Horatio B. Williams and the first electrocardiographs made in the United States," IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. ,19 (2000) 117-121). 

A descriptive analytical bibliography of classics of Persian medicine. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Gregory's PhD dissertation, of particular significance for its exhaustive analysis of prior taxonomic systems for mammalia. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Lombard soaked the skin in cedarwood oil, rendering transparent the superficial epidermal layers, and thus making possible many direct observations on it.

Douglas bag.

Extra-vital cultivation and rejuvenation of tissue. Carrel was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1912.

Carrel demonstrated the potential immortality of mammalian tissue. He was able to keep the excised viscera of an animal alive and functioning physiologically in vitro. For his later work see the same journal, 1911, 14, 244-7; 1913, 18, 155-61.

Leonardo, “the greatest artist and scientist of the Italian Renaissance, was the founder of iconographic and physiologic anatomy” (Garrison). He made over 750 sketches of all the principal organs of the body, drawings which were adequately reproduced only in recent times. His notes accompanying the drawings are in mirror-writing. Text in Italian, English, and German.

For more about Leonardo's anatomical work see a short essay I wrote on HistoryofInformation.com at this link.

One of the earliest attempts to isolate what later became known as vitamin B_1.See No. 1051.

Funk determined the chemical nature of the substance in rice polishings which could cure beriberi.

Sir Thomas Lewis was a pioneer in the application of electrocardiography to clinical medicine. His book was both an exhaustive treatise on the subject for its time, and a valuable bibliographical source. Second edition: The mechanism and graphic registration of the heart beat, 1920; third and last edition,1925.

Summarized research begun in 1896. See No. 3519.

Davenport and Weeks produced strong evidence in support of the hereditary origin of epilepsy.

With Max Gruber and P. M. Ficker.

First systematic account of the functions of the thalamus and its relationship to the cerebral cortex. Reprinted in No. 1304.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Brazil founded the Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, one of the first institutes to produce antivenin sera on a large scale. French translation, 1911. Digital facsimile of the Portuguese edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Isolation of bufagin. Preliminary communication in J. Amer. med. Assoc., 1911, 56, 1531-35.

Isolation of histamine from animal tissues.

A monumental encyclopedia of ethnopharmacology.

Discovery of the intracapsular mechanism of accommodation. Gullstrand received the Nobel Prize in 1911 for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.

A notable paper on inflammation. Marchand succeeded Ziegler as editor of the latter’s Beiträge.

Noon and Freeman introduced the treatment of hay fever by means of injections of pollen extract.

See No. 2600.3.

Experimental production of malignant tumors by means of x rays.

A serum reaction, employed by Freund and Kaminer in 1910 for the diagnosis of cancer.

Pure culture of T. pallidum first obtained. Digital facsimile from digitalcommon.oshu.edu at this link.

Bulloch and Fildes, in their detailed account of hemophilia, claimed to have established immunity to the disease in females, and denied the authenticity of published cases of female hemophilia. They confirmed the law of Nasse. This work was issued as Memoir XII of the Eugenics Laboratory, University of London, and forms parts V-VI of the Treasury of Human Inheritance series.

One of the leaders in modern hematology, Pappenheim improved the methods of staining blood cells.

Wilms’s operation.

Elsner designed a straight gastroscope with a rubber tip and an optical system to be pushed into the outer tube, which had a lamp at its tip.

Treatment of congenital atresia of ileum by lateral anastomosis.

Pólya’s modification of the Billroth II operation. Pólya is believed to have been murdered by a Nazi group during the siege of Budapest by the Russians in December, 1944, although his body was never recovered.

“Trotter’s syndrome”; deafness, palatal paralysis, and facial neuralgia, usually due to a nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

“Bárány’s syndrome” – unilateral deafness, vertigo, and pain in the occipital region.

Squier modified the operation of total suprapubic prostatectomy.

First successful embolectomy; operation carried out by G. Labey, November 16, 1911.

Erythroplasia of Queyrat, a condition similar to the precancerous dermatosis described by Bowen (No. 4148).

Goldthwait suggested that lumbago and sciatica might be due to intervertebral disc injury.

Spinal fusion first used for the treatment of scoliosis.

Report of a case of “sciatica” due to rupture of an intervertebral disc.

The beginning of bone graft surgery as a planned, carefully designed procedure. Albee was the first to employ living bone grafts as internal splints. See No. 5757.

The modern method of uretero-intestinal anastomosis followed the experimental work of Coffey.

Ascoli’s thermoprecipitin reaction for the diagnosis of anthrax. German translation in Zbl. Bakt., 1911, 1 Abt., 58, Orig., 63-70. Preliminary note in Patbologica, 1910, 3, 101.

Salvarsan first used in the treatment of anthrax.

Tularemia first recorded (in rodents).

Bleuler introduced the concept of schizophrenia. He showed that Kraepelin’s “dementia praecox” (No. 4952) should include all the schizophrenic disorders. Translated into English by Joseph Zinkin as Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press, 1950.

Vedder demonstrated the amoebicidal action of emetine; his work led to the general adoption of emetine in the treatment of amoebic dysentery.

Demonstration of the mode of reproduction of T. cruzi. Text in Portuguese and German. See also the paper by Chagas in pp. 219-75 of the same journal.

Binet–Simon intelligence tests. As early as 1895 Binet had published a plan for studying intelligence. English translation, 1912.

Reprinted in book form, Leipzig, F. Deuticke, 1912. Jung was among the first to support Freud’s views on psychoanalysis, and was considered by Freud to be his most brilliant pupil. Jung applied psychoanalytic theory to the study of myths, developing the idea of the collective unconscious. In 1913 Jung broke away from Freud and founded the school of analytical psychology. English translation by Beatrice M. Hinkle as Psychology of the unconscious: A study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libdio. A Contribution to the history of the evolution of thought. (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1916). In 1952 Jung published a thoroughly revised version of the work, translated into English in 1956 as Symbols of Transformation, and issued as volume five of Jung's Collected Works

Digital facsimile of the 1912 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link; of the 1916 English translation at this link.

First comprehensive work on cosmetic surgery.

Hulen devised a vacuum method of cataract extraction.

Introduction of trichlorethylene (“trilene”).

Intermittent gas-oxygen machine.

Measles transmitted to monkeys.

Franco, J. Martínez-Santamaria, and G. Toro-Villa described epidemics of yellow fever spread by mosquitoes other than Ae. aegypti. Later F. L. Soper, et al., Amer. J. Hyg., 1933, 18, 555-87, substantiated this.

First use of x rays for the diagnosis of pregnancy.

A classic account of the history of touching for the “king’s evil” or scrofula— a practice of kings from ancient times until the 18th century.

3rd edition, 1923. Translated as Biblical and Talmudic medicine. Translated by Fred Rosner. New York, Sanhedrin Press, 1978, with enlarged index and expanded references.

History of Japanese medicine from the earliest times to 1911. Expanded English translation, translated from the German by John Ruhrah, with a chapter on the recent history of medicine in Japan, by Kageyas W. Amano. New York, 1934.

Morgan proposed that what he called Mendelian factors (genes) are arranged in a linear series on chromosomes and that the degree of linkage between two genes on the same chromosome depends upon the distance between them. This fundamental idea enabled his student Sturtevant to map genes on chromosomes. (See No. 245.2).

Fluorescence microscopy

Waterhouse–Friderichsen (WFS)  syndrome (see also Nos. 4679, 4686).

Mestrezat gave the first exact description of the chemical constitution of the cerebrospinal fluid. Also published at Paris, Maloine, 1912. Digital facsimile of the 1912 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

The historical introduction includes a bibliographical history of cross-sectional anatomies from frozen sections. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

With J.-P. Bouchon and R. Doyen.  Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Diarrhoea was one of the chief causes of child mortality in Great Britain at the turn of the century. Peters begins with a statistical study of age incidence, prevalence, and fatality of the condition and then in successive chapters examines clinical features, immunity, social relations, sanitation, food, and epidemiological features. The final chapters touch on possible methods of prevention and treatment and offer a general summary of conclusions. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Google Books at this link.

Catalogue raisonné of the collection of paintings, drawings, prints, medals and sculptures belonging to the Faculté de Médecine de Paris. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

"Wallace's comments on environment grew more strident later in his career. In The World of Life (1913) he wrote:

"These considerations should lead us to look upon all the works of nature, animate or inanimate, as invested with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused, and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. To pollute a spring or a river, to exterminate a bird or beast, should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes; ... Yet during the past century, which has seen those great advances in the knowledge of Nature of which we are so proud, there has been no corresponding development of a love or reverence for her works; so that never before has there been such widespread ravage of the earth's surface by destruction of native vegetation and with it of much animal life, and such wholesale defacement of the earth by mineral workings and by pouring into our streams and rivers the refuse of manufactories and of cities; and this has been done by all the greatest nations claiming the first place for civilisation and religion!^{[129] "(Wikipedia article on Alfred Russel Wallace, accessed 02-2017).}

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

A convenient compilation of the work of Reed and his associates, including the work of James Carroll published after the death of Walter Reed. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Cushing introduced the use of silver clips in neurosurgery to control bleeding.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Text reproduced in facsimile (15 leaves), transliteration and English translation. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Probably the first book on the application of hynosis in advertising. Gérin was professor at the Institut commercial de Paris, and his book was published in a series on "Les procedés modernes de vente." His book included many examples of suggestion used in signage and print advertising.

An attempt at a truly comprehensive bibliography of the world literature in western languages on these subjects to 1900, including more than 100,000 entries. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

"The chapters comprising the volume appeared originally as separate articles in the 'Military surgeon.' Upon their compilation a limited number of copies of reprints were obtained by this office and bound together for the use of the Medical corps of the army. The work was never published as a book."--Letter from the Office of the surgeon general, Oct. 19, 1916.
Appended, "Seaman prize essay. The comparative mortality of disease and battle casualties in the historic wars of the world, by Captain Louis C. Duncan, Medical corps." (37 p. incl. diagrs.)

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

"Historian John Crellin opens his essay on William Osler and George Bernard Shaw with a quotation about this 1911 book that the compilers of the catalogue of Osler's library wrote: 'With a cynical 'Preface on Doctors'." Osler 5454. Crellin continues, 'Did Osler see Shaw as just one of many writers (Moliere, for instance, who featured prominently in Osler's library) to create theater by lampooning physicians? Perhaps, but Osler also recognized that Shaw [in The Doctor's Dilemma] touched on some of the same concerns he himself had raised over the years when exhorting medical students and physicians to fulfill the role of a 'good' physician and to maintain an honorable profession. Both Shaw and Osler saw that physicians had the same potential human failings as anyone else, for instance, egoism greed, and jealousy....Shaw, in subtitling The Doctor's Dilemma 'a Tragedy,' focused on ethical issues many of which he linked to the cut and thrust of private medical practice.' John Crellin, Osler and George Bernard Shaw, 2010, pp. 325-331, IN: Michael Lacombe and David Elpern, Osler's Bedside Library: Great Writers Who Inspired a Great Physician. Philadelphia, 2010." (W. Bruce Fye).

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Cramp was director of the AMA's Propaganda for Reform Department.

"In 1911, Cramp published the first of three volumes called Nostrums and Quackery,^[3] which would become "a veritable encyclopedia on the nostrum evil and quackery."^[1] The first volume contained the educational materials, case histories, and testimonials his department had been collecting.^[5]

"Nostrums and Quackery, Volume II, published in 1921, was a collection of legal reports of case law involving nostrums and patent medicine reprinted from the Journal of the American Medical Association meant to educate the general public. As reviewer Joseph MacQueen stated, "The matter that appears has been prepared and written in no spirit of malice, and with no object except that of laying before the public certain facts, the knowledge of which is essential to a proper concept of community health."^[16]

"Cramp's Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine, Volume III, foreword by George H. Simmons, Editor Emeritus of the Journal of the American Medical Association,^[8] was published in 1936. As described in The Science News-Letter, the book contained "terse, simple and factual accounts of hundreds of nostrums and the ways of pseudo-medical practitioners."^[17] This volume, more condensed than the first two volumes, indexed 1,500 "remedies."^[8] W.A. Evans, in his review, wrote "When you have read this book you will consider credulity based on fiction rather drab."^[18(Wikipedia article on Arthur J. Cramp, accessed 4-2020)

Digital facsimile of the second edition of Vol. 1 (1912) from Google Books at this link, of Vol. 2 at this link.

Originally published in four parts in Vols. 6-8 (1911-13) of the Annales de paléontologie. The La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton (La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1), discovered in 1908, was the most complete single Neanderthal skeleton found up to that time. The remains, now estimated to date from around 60,000 years BP, were of a male approximately 40 years old at the time of death, who had suffered from advanced arthritis, tooth loss and other ailments associated with old age. The skeleton, together with the stone tools and mammalian fossils found with it, were sent to Boule at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle for evaluation. "In November of that year [1908], Boule announced the discovery of what was to become the 'type' skeleton for the Neandertals. In the next years, using La Chapelle as the centerpiece and supplementing this fossil with some bones from other French Neandertals . . . Boule published a magisterial series of works that became exemplars in the scientific community studying human evolution. As a result, La Chapelle became the archetype of the incompletely erect Neandertal slouching his way into evolutionary oblivion. Unfortunately, in his zeal to demonstrate how morphologically removed the Neandertals were from modern humans and how simian-like they were, Boule misrepresented many aspects of the La Chapelle skeleton" (Spencer 1997, 2, p. 266).  Boule's errors of reconstruction were later corrected by Straus and Cave (1957), Dastague and de Lumley (1976) and Trinkaus (1985).

Kullenkampff performed the first percutaneous supraclavicular block. "Just as his older colleague August Bier (1861–1949) had done with spinal anesthesia in 1898,^[24] Kulenkampff subjected himself to the supraclavicular block" (Wikipedia article on Brachial plexus block, accessed 6-2020).

In this record of his continuing research on what in 1910 Kraepelin called Alzheimersche Krankheit (Alzheimer's disease) Alzheimer provided detailed history, clinical signs, symptoms descriptions, pathologic and histologic descriptions with numerous illustrations of his first and second patients, Auguste D. and Johann F.  He described and illustrated the three key diagnostic points for Alheimer's disease. On p. 364, fig.1 he described "die Plaques," later called amyloid beta plaques. On pp. 380-81 he illustrated the microscopic intracellular manifestation of what he called "Eigentumliche Fibrillenveranderung der Ganglienzellen," later called intracellular neuronal tau fibrillary tangles. He also described the first time what was later called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), illustrating this on Tafel V, figs.1 and 2, and with a chromolithographed plate.  See M. Graeber, S. Kösel et al,  "Rediscovery of the case described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911: Historical, histological and molecular genetic analysis," Neurogenetics, 1 (1997) 73-80.
Digital facsimile from biusante.parisdescartes.fr at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Bibliotheca Osleriana 6989.

First description of the carotid sinus depressor reflex.

Peters made accurate determinations of the ratio of iron to oxygen in the blood.

Throughout his life Macewen devoted much time to the study of bone growth. His researches revolutionized ideas concerning osteogenesis.

Hopkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology with Eijkman in 1929 for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.

“Schilder’s disease” – encephalitis periaxialis diffusa.

Kling, A. Pettersson, and W. Wernstedt recovered the poliomyelitis virus from the intestinal wall and contents, disproving the contention of Flexner that it was exclusively neurotropic.

Carlson recorded stomach movements by means of a balloon inserted through a gastric fistula. Much of his important work on gastric physiology was summed up in his book published in 1916. See No. 1033.

Folin introduced several micro-methods for the determination of nitrogen, urea, creatine, etc.

Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy. English translation in Rottenberg & Hochberg, No. 5019.14, pp. 219-51.

Classic description of progressive familial hepatolenticular degeneration (“Wilson’s disease”), first described by Frerichs in 1861 (see No. 4693), now considered to be a disorder of copper and ceruloplasmin metabolism.

Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Reported by C. H. Schumacher and – . Roth.

For his work on tuberculosis Koch received the Nobel Prize in 1905. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. See T.D. Brock, Robert Koch: A life in medicine and bacteriology, Madison, WS: Science-Tech Publishers, 1988.

Aschner was able to keep his hypophysectomized dogs alive indefinitely. He found that they developed genital hypoplasia.

Introduction of phenobarbitone in the treatment of epilepsy.

This work established Loeb's reputation as a researcher who treated organisms as machines. He stated that biologists explain organic phenomena only when they could control those phenomena. Loeb first published the title essay in Popular Science Monthly, 80, 1912, 5-22.

Sudhoff believed in the pre-Columbian existence of syphilis.

Flexner wrote the first systematic and thorough comparisons of the major systems of medical education.

Experimental production of cancer by the injection of tar as a byproduct of the manufacture of coal gas.

Noguchi obtained pure cultures of spirochaetae. See also his later papers in the same journal, 1912, 16, 199-210, 620-28.

Introduction of neoarsphenamine (neosalvarsan).

Baehr drew attention to the renal lesions in subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Outstanding description of coronary thrombosis. Herrick was the first to describe and diagnose coronary thrombosis in a living person; he showed that sudden coronary occlusion is not necessarily fatal. Reprint in Willius & Keys, Cardiac classics, 1941, pp. 817-29.

Forms Heft 5 of K. Sudhoff & G. Sticker: Zur historischen Biologie der Krankheitserreger.

Schöne coined the term “transplantation immunity”. He set out general rules governing the acceptance or rejection of tumor grafts which are essentially the same as the modern “laws of transplantation”. This is a comprehensive work on skin and organ transplants.

Ghon described the anatomical distribution and development of the lesions in pulmonary tuberculosis among children – “Ghon’s primary focus”. His book was translated into English in 1916. See also No. 3224.

The first pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis, incising the pyloric muscle while leaving the mucosa intact and leaving the muscle to heal: “Rammstedt’s operation.” In 1920 Rammstedt discovered that the family name had originally been spelt Ramstedt; he therefore reverted to the original spelling for the rest of his life (see Lancet, 1963, 1, 674).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

See No. 3321.

Introduction of suspension laryngoscopy. English translation in 1914.

“Hashimoto’s disease”, struma lymphomatosa, lymphoid infiltration of the thyroid.

A classical description of “Ayerza’s syndrome or disease” (cor pulmonale), to which Arrillaga named after Abel Ayerza, who first mentioned the disease in a lecture given in 1901. Corvisart mentioned the condition in 1806. See No. 2917. Digital facsimile of Arrillaga's work from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The first clinical monograph on the hypophysis. Cushing, outstanding neurological surgeon of the early 20th century, added much to our knowledge of the pituitary body and its disorders. The above work includes a description of his own method of operating on the pituitary. He assumed that in diabetes insipidus the pituitary was involved. Cushing also described obesity caused by basophil pituitary tumor. See No. 1161.

Frank was the first definitely to connect the posterior lobe of the pituitary with diabetes insipidus.

Mark, a medical practitioner, suffered from acromegaly from the age of 24. The condition was obvious to his friends, but Mark was 50 before he realized the cause of the symptoms of which he had kept a record for many years. He left an interesting account of his personal experience and also drew attention to several sculptural and pictorial representations of acromegalics.

Cordotomy for the relief of intractable pain.

First complete description of sporotrichosis (“de Beurmann–Gougerot disease”).

Bowen, a Boston dermatologist, first described a precancerous dermatosis (“Bowen’s disease”), which is now considered to be a variant of an intra-epidermal basal cell epithelioma.

First description of cranio-facial dysostosis, hypertelorism (Crouzon's syndrome).

“Klippel–Feil syndrome” – absence or incomplete development of cervical vertebrae. English translation in Bick, Classics of orthopaedics, 511-16.

The first comprehensive treatise on hand surgery, and the classic work on tendon and bursal hand spaces relevant to management of hand infections. Kanavel developed the method of forcible injection of radio-opaque material into tendon sheaths and fascial spaces of the hand; this enabled him to find a definite and constant pattern in the way that infectious material spread from sheath to space, and to drain infected areas without damage to important structures. Kanavel's classic work "did more to awaken the surgical conscience to the anatomic intricacies of hand surgery than did almost any other single contribution" (Bick). Kanavel put the work through seven editions between 1912 and 1933. Each successive edition of Kanavel's work bears substantial revisions; together these editions show the evolution of hand surgery over its first twenty years. Boyes, On the Shoulders of Giants, pp. 170-72.

Darrach procedure for problems of the distal ulna.

Paravertebral anesthesia in urology.

First description of melioidosis. Together with C.S. Krishnaswami, Whitmore identified Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis (also known as "Whitmore's disease") in opium addicts in Rangoon in 1911. He differentiated it from Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, by clinical and microbiological features.The organism isolated was subsequently named Pfeifferella whitmori by Stanton and Fletcher.

Isolation of Pasteurella tularensis, causal organism in tularemia.

Glossina morsitans shown to be the transmitting fly of T. rhodesiense.

Life cycle of T. cruzi described. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Adler seceded from Freud’s psycho-analytical group and founded the school of individual psychology. English translation of above, 1917. See also his Practice and theory of individual psychology, 1924.

Salvarsan first used in the treatment of rat-bite fever.

This book describes Guthrie’s pioneer work in tissue and organ transplantation.

First comprehensive work on maxillofacial surgery. After World War I Blair established the first separate Plastic Surgery Service in the United States at Barnes Hospital and Washington University in St. Louis.

Filtration of the virus of inclusion conjunctivitis.

Filtration of the trachoma agent, Chlamydia trachomatis. With L. Blaisot and A. Cuénod.

“Purtscher’s disease”, traumatic angiopathy of the retina, first described.

Stanculeanu’s technique for cataract extraction.

Schüffner and Vervoort introduced oil of chenopodium for the treatment of ankylostomiasis as early as 1900.

Following up the work of Vedder, Rogers showed that the soluble salts of emetine could be safely injected subcutaneously. The general use of emetine, introduced by Rogers, diminished the incidence of liver abscess – a grave sequel.

Boothby and Cotton’s flowmeter.

Cultivation of the malaria parasite.

Includes (p. 879) first description of Krönig’s operation of transperitoneal lower-segment Caesarean section.

Briefly describes (p. 688) the first facelift operation. Holländer later stated that the operation was performed in 1901. A pupil of James Israel (No. 5755.1), Holländer is better known today for his series of books on medicine in art. See Rogers, The development of aesthetic plastic surgery, a history, Aesth. Plast. Surg., 1976, 1, 3-24.

A fundamental work on radiological examination of the skull. English translation, St. Louis, 1918.

Discovery of the diffraction of X-rays in crystals. Laue’s discovery was of dual importance: it allowed the subsequent investigation of X-radiation by means of wavelength determination, and it provided the means for the Braggs’ structural analysis of crystals, for which they received the Nobel Prize in 1915. X-ray analysis of crystals, as initially developed by Sir Lawrence Bragg, became the most widely used technique for the investigation of molecular structure, leading to incalculable advances in both inorganic and organic chemistry, as well as molecular biology. After Max Perutz and his student John Kendrew first successfully applied Braggs’ X-ray crystallographic techniques to the study of the structure of proteins, these techniques were employed by hundreds of thousands of researchers around the world. For further information see the entry at HistoryofInformation.com at this link.

An early publication on the medical problems of blacks written by a black physician. Kenney served as school physician at Tuskegee University, was the first director of the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital at Tuskegee University, founded the John A. Andrew Clinic and help to start the John A. Andrew Clinical Society in 1918. Kenney also edited the Journal of the National Medical Association (a professional organization of black physicians).

Schrötter conducted a great deal of research on the physiological influence of barometric pressure and was one of the first to apply these observations to aviation medicine. Following flight tests he was the first to propose a closed, pressurized aluminum cabin, such as was later used by Auguste Piccard. Schrötter preceded this with Hygiene der Aeronautik (Frankfurt, 1909.)

Luftfahrt und Wissenschaft, herausgegeben on Joseph Stricker. Heft 3.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, Internet Archive at this link.

Wegener originated the theory of continental drift in this paper on the origin of continents, which he conceived after being struck by the apparent correspondence in the shapes of the coastlines on the west and east sides of the Atlantic, and supported with extensive research on the geological and paleontological correspondences between the two sides. He postulated that 200 million years ago there existed a supercontinent (“Pangaea”), which began to break up during the Mesozoic era due to the cumulative effects of the “Eötvös force,” which drives continents towards the equator, and the tidal attraction of the sun and moon, which drags the earth’s crust westward with respect to its interior. Wegener’s theory attracted little interest until 1919, when he published the second edition of his treatise Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane.

Bertillon, brother of Alphonse Bertillon, was Chief of Statistical Services for the city of Paris. His classification of diseases was based on the principle, adopted by Farr, of distinguishing between general diseases and those localized to a particular organ or anatomical site. This became the basis for the International Classification of the Causes of Sickness and Death. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first edition extended to more than 1000 pages. It had reached its 16th edition by 2016. Digital facsimile of the New York 1912 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Report on the first cases of "tick paralysis", a potentially lethal disease treatable by removing the tick. Follow-up paper by Todd: "Tick bite in British Columbia," Canad. med. Assoc. J., 2 (1912) 1118-1119. Unlike most other tick-borne diseases tick paralysis is not caused by an infectious organism, but by a neurotoxin produced in the tick's salivary gland.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The London Medical Papyrus contains "61 recipes, of which 25 are classified as medical while the remainder are of magic.^[1] The medical foci of the writing are skin complaints, eye complaints, bleeding^[2] (predominantly with the intent of preventing miscarriage through magical methods) and burns." Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

In 1912 Garrison was Assistant Librarian of the Surgeon General's Office, U.S. Army.  At the suggestion of Sir William Osler, Garrison prepared this classified listing of medical classics across the full range of the history of medicine. It occupied pp. 89-178 of a volume in the Index-Catalogue. The listing included very few annotations, and those published were exceedingly brief. This listing was the origin of the medical bibliography you are reading today.

Digital facsimile of the separate "reprint" from Google Books at this link.

This splendidly produced and illustrated large folio volume was the first major book on paleolithic research published in Germany. Schmidt described systematic investigations of the caves in the Swabian Alps, and was the first to classify prehistoric German artifacts based on the established French system.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.