An Interactive Annotated World Bibliography of Printed and Digital Works in the History of Medicine and the Life Sciences from Circa 2000 BCE to 2022 by Fielding H. Garrison (1870-1935), Leslie T. Morton (1907-2004), and Jeremy M. Norman (1945- ) Traditionally Known as “Garrison-Morton”

15961 entries, 13944 authors and 1935 subjects. Updated: March 22, 2024

APPEL, Toby A.

4 entries
  • 2682.54

Bloodletting instruments in the National Museum of History and Technology.

Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.

Digital facsimile from Smithsonian Research Online at this link.



Subjects: INSTRUMENTS & TECHNOLOGIES › History of Biomedical Instrumentation, THERAPEUTICS › Bloodletting
  • 12193

History of the American Physiological Society. The first century, 1887-1987. Edited by John R. Brobeck, Orr E. Reynolds, Toby A. Appel.

New York: Springer, 1987.


Subjects: PHYSIOLOGY › History of Physiology
  • 12211

The Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate: French biology in the decades before Darwin.

New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

"...no event better represents the contest between form and function as the chief organizing principle of life as the debate between Georges Cuvier and Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. This book presents the first comprehensive study of the celebrated French scientific controversy that focused the attention of naturalists in the first decades of the nineteenth century on the conflicting claims of teleology, morphology, and evolution, which ultimately contributed to the making of Darwin's theory." (publisher).



Subjects: BIOLOGY › History of Biology, EVOLUTION › History of Evolutionary Thought
  • 12212

Shaping biology: The National Science Foundation and American biological research, 1945-1975.

Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.

"Scientists by training, NSF biologists hoped in the 1950s that the new agency would become the federal government's chief patron for basic research in biology, the only agency to fund the entire range of biology—from molecules to natural history museums—for its own sake. Appel traces how this vision emerged and developed over the next two and a half decades, from the activities of NSF's Division of Biological and Medical Sciences, founded in 1952, through the cold war expansion of the 1950s and 1960s and the constraints of the Vietnam War era, to its reorganization out of existence in 1975. This history of NSF highlights fundamental tensions in science policy that remain relevant today: the pull between basic and applied science; funding individuals versus funding departments or institutions; elitism versus distributive policies of funding; issues of red tape and accountability" (publisher).



Subjects: BIOLOGY › History of Biology