“The first great textbook contributed by the British school to modern anatomy” (Russell, No. 461).

Published in 7 fascicules and appendix while Bell was still a student, this was Bell’s first independent venture as an author. The anatomical work of Charles Bell and his brother John was among the most significant in the British Isles during the early part of the 19th century; from the artistic point of view it was probably the finest during that period.

Bichat revolutionized descriptive anatomy. Where Morgagni and others had conceived of whole organs being diseased, Bichat showed how individual tissues could be separately affected. He covered tissue pathology, system by system in the Anatomie générale, showing that tissues from different organs are similar and subject to the same diseases, and identifying 21 different types of tissues. This was done essentially without a microscope, but marks the beginning of modern histology. The above work and No. 404 are remarkable in their total reliance on verbal description to convey anatomical detail, since neither work contains a single illustration. Translated into English by George Hayward as General anatomy, applied to physiology and medicine. 3 vols., Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1822. Digital facsimile of the French edition from the Internet Archive at this link. Digital facsimile of the English translation also from the Internet Archive at this link.

Bichat was the creator of descriptive anatomy. He introduced the terms “animal” and “vegetative” system. This was his last work, unfinished at his death. Vol. 4 was prepared by Bichat's student and cousin, Mathieu-François Buisson, and vol. 5 by Philibert-Joseph Roux. Vol. 3, pp. 319-68 includes Bichat's Nerfs de la vie organique. Digital facsimiles of all 5 vols are available from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Includes description of “Hesselbach’s hernia” and “triangle”. He wrote a further volume on the subject in 1814.

“Meckel’s diverticulum”.

Burns was the first to suggest (p. 31) ligature of the innominate artery. His book describes “Burns’s space”, the fascial space at the suprasternal notch.

The first recorded case of chloroma (myeloid sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, extramedullary myeloid tumor), a manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia, is found on p. 396 of this book. This was of course, about 30 years before leukemia was understood as a disease.

This anatomy for artists and sculptors contains 38 good copperplates in black and red.

The first American textbook of anatomy. The first edition contained nearly 1000 pages of text, but no illustrations. Later editions were expanded, illustrated and updated by William E. Horner, and Joseph Pancoast. Digital facsimile of the first edition from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Salvage's 21 plates after his own drawings "are based on three casts of bodies dissected to different anatomical layers and set in the pose of the Borghese Gladiator. For these casts he preferred to use the bodies of soldiers in their prime killed in duels rather than patients who died as a result of illness . . . Salvage, like Genga and Lancisi, presents the anatomy of the ideal forms of antique sculpture . . . The plates are colour-coded, with the muscles in red ink and the bones in black ink. The anatomy of the Borghese Gladiator is depicted in four views in a series of eleven plates. The contour of the body in the skeleton plates is given in red ink, and a broken line of the same colour is used for the detached muscles in the plates of deeper dissection . . . This system of transparent anatomy serves as an effective aide-mémoire for the viewer of the different anatomical layers and was a popular method of anatomical illustration” (Cazort, Kornell & Roberts, The Ingenious Machine of Nature, 105; also featuring an illustration from Salvage’s work on the cover). Salvage studied medicine at Montpellier and served as an army surgeon before joining the staff of the military hospital of Val-de-Grâce in 1796. His classically-inspired Anatomie, published the year before his death, also incorporates anatomical representations of the Belvedere Apollo, the Apollo of Florence, the infant Bacchus and the Farnese Hercules. 

The first Japanese exposition of the whole system of human anatomy, based on original observation. The work includes the records of three dissections performed in Kyoto in 1783, 1798, and 1802.

 “A Japanese treatise on anatomy and anatomical dissection in five volumes was published in 1813 by Shoshui or Boku or Koki Mitani (1774-1823) with the title Kaitai hatsumo. This was not the first original Japanese work on dissection, since priority in that respect had been established by the appearance in 1759 of the Zo-shi of Toyo Yamawaki. But that earlier work was short and its illustrative material limited to a few crude drawings of the viscera. Kaitai hatsumo appears, however, to be the first Japanese exposition on the whole system of human anatomy, based upon original observation (including dissection) and knowledge of other anatomical works. An inserted advertisement for this book [not present in this and many other copies] is translated to read as follows: ‘This book is Kaitai hatsumo, on some new Dutch theories and moreover some dissections of a real dead body to make it sure. And it has become clear that the Dutch theories are right and the traditional Japanese and Chinese theories which [have been] with us for 3000 years [are] quite wrong.’ (Somehow one gets here the impression of a persistent reluctance to relinquish the traditional anatomical beliefs in favor of the European knowledge which had come into Japan. After all, the gross inaccuracies of the traditional teachings had been firmly established by the work of Gempaku Sugita and his friends in the previous century)… “Scattered throughout the text of Kaitai hatsumo is a series of anatomical plates printed in color. These drawings were very well executed, and illustrate the following structures: thoracic and abdominal viscera, in situ; the lungs, with a careful dissection of the bronchial tree; the heart; the diaphragm; the spleen; the stomach; the liver and gall bladder; the kidneys, with their blood supply, and the ureters; the urogenital system, in male and female, with the plexus of veins draining testes and ovaries; the uterus, with Fallopian tubes and ovaries (the ovaries are shown as contained within the uterine tubes); the urinary bladder in the male, with testes and accessory organs of reproduction (seminal vesicles, prostate), and penis; the small and large intestines, with the vermiform appendix; the blood supply to the intestine through the mesentery; the pancreas; a schematic diagram of the lymphatics (called ‘water-ducts’) associated with the small intestine (the function of the lymphatics, it was be - lieved, was to control blood volume of the body); the general vascular system of the entire body; the system of spinal nerves; and, finally, the gross appear - ance of the brain… “The last volume of Kaitai hatsumo is in the form of an appendix, written by one of Mitani’s pupils named Konsei Minamoto. This work was of sufficient historical importance to be entirely reprinted in a facsimile edition as recently as 1930.”–Mestler, A Galaxy of Old Japanese Medical Books with Miscellaneous Notes on Early Medicine in Japan Part I. Medical History and Biography. General Works. Anatomy. Physiology and Pharmacology (1954) pp. 316-18 .

Mascagni's anatomy for artists and sculptors, edited for posthumous publication by Mascagni's literary execultor Francesco Antonmarchi. 15 hand-colored engraved plates after drawings by Antonio Serantoni (1780j-1837), an artist that Mascagni trained and worked with for many years.

First anatomical illustrations of frozen sections. De Riemer appears to have been the first to freeze tissues in order to permit fine sectioning for the purposes of diagnosing diseased tissue. Digital facsimile from UniversitatsBibliothek Heidelberg at this link.

The elder Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire is credited with coining the word teratology, and was the first seriously to attempt the experimental production of anomalies, by manipulating chick eggs. See T. Cahn, La vie et l'oeuvre d’Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Paris, 1962.  Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This illustrated compendium of anatomy, physiology, and internal medicine was first medical work in Turkish printed by letterpress in the Ottoman Empire. It was also one of the first medical works in Turkish to draw throughly on western science. Digital facsimile of the 1867 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The first book on anatomy and medicine printed in Turkish. The title may be translated as Miroir des corps dans l'anatomie des membres de l''homme. The work was primarily derived from European sources and included 56 plates copied from European books.

My references for book and the spelling of the author's name are "Catalogue des Livres composant la Bibliothèque Linguistique de M. Le Marquis de la Ferté-Sénectère (1873). No. 2115. And the pamphlet about the publication by T.-X Bianchi (No. 13115 in historyofmedicine.com).

The first anatomical atlas illustrated by lithography, containing 300 plates in folio format. This was one of the most elaborate of the lithographic “incunabula” produced by Charles Philibert de Lasteyrie, one of the pioneer lithographers in France. In planning this atlas Cloquet intended to exploit the faster production speed resulting new technology of printing by lithography; however, no matter how fast the plates could be drawn on stone, the publication in fascicles or parts was inevitably delayed by time required to do the dissections and prepare the original drawings. Jules began his career as an apprentice to his father, J.B.A. Cloquet, an artist and engraver and art teacher, and went to medical school after working as a wax-modeler for the Paris Faculty of Medicine. Jules illustrated his own doctoral thesis on hernia, and what was more unusual, he also drew the plates on stone for the lithographic reproductions in the version of his thesis that was commercially published in 1819. For this large anatomical atlas Jules and his artist sister, Lise, created the drawings for approximately 150 plates that were original for the work. The remaining 150 plates not after drawings by the Cloquets were copied from publications by William Hunter, Soemmerring, Tiedemann, Haller, Walter, Mascagni, Charles Bell, Scarpa, and others. There were more than 3000 separate figures on the 300 plates in the complete atlas. The art was drawn on stone by Haincelin, Feillet and Dubourjal. The lithographs were printed at the presses of de Lasteyrie, Godefroy Engelmann (the other pioneer lithographer in France), and Brigeaut, a workman at de Lasteyrie's press who set up his own shop. 

A few copies of the second edition in reduced quarto format, (Paris, 1825-[36]), were issued with the plates hand-colored.

The largest of all medical books from the standpoint of format. The 44 life size engraved plates are reproduced in double elephant folio size measuring 950 x 635 mm., and include an almost incredible level of detail. Published posthumously in fascicules over ten years, very few sets were issued, some hand-colored by the artist, Antonio Serrantoni. Three plates placed end-to-end illustrate the entire figure life-size. A lithographed edition, almost indistinguishable from the engraved edition, was issued nearly simultaneously by Francesco Antommarchi (Paris, 1823-26); G-M 7242). Antommarchi, Mascagni's literary executor, had been Napoleon's physician on St. Helena, and had presided over Napoleon's autopsy. For a longer discussion of Antommarchi's version, and why two versions of this huge publication were issued almost simultaneously, see "The Double Publication of the Double Elephant Folio of Anatomy," at HistoryofInformation.com at this link. A small folio authorized version of the Pisa edition, with more conveniently sized versions of the dramatic color plates, was issued in 2 vols., Florence, Batelli, 1833. 

Anderson trained at the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, emigrated to America in 1820 and, after delivering a series of anatomical lectures in New York under the patronage of Valentine Mott, became affiliated with the Vermont Academy of Medicine (see Kelly, American Medical Biographies,1920). This work, intended to supplement his anatomical lectures, is notable for the nine anatomical plates, all engraved by A.B. [Asher Brown] Durand, including four engraved from Durand's original illustrations. These are quite early works by Durand, who achieved his first prominence as the engraver of John Trumbull's edition of the Declaration of Independence (1823) and later great renown as a landscape painter of the Hudson River School.

Lizars's System of anatomical plates was by far his most successful work, going through many editions. The text of the work was originally issued in 12 parts in octavo format, which were then bound together in book form with engraved title; in later editions the text was reset in folio and bound with the plates. There are two issues of parts 2 and 3 of the text in the first edition, the earliest with imprint reading "Printed for Daniel Lizars, 61, Princes Street, Edinburgh; and S. Highley, 174, Fleet Street, London." The later issues' imprint has "Hodges and M'Arthur, Dublin" added at the end; the pagination of the two issues of these parts also varies.

The first edition of the folio atlas illustrating Lizars's System was issued in both uncolored and hand-colored versions, although the 15 plates devoted to the brain and spinal cord are colored in all copies of the first edition. Only a few copies of the first edition of the work were issued with all the plates fully colored.

William Home Lizars's fame as engraver led John James Audubon to engage Lizars to engrave the plates for the double elephant folio Birds of America; however, after Lizars had engraved the first ten plates, he recommended to Audubon that this enormous project (requiring over 76,000 elephant folio hand-colored plates for the 175 copies in the edition) be turned over to Robert Havell in London. 

Considering that it is among the rarest of all anatomies, and certainly the largest and probably the most spectacular, it is remarkable that two nearly identical editions of Mascagni’s posthumous life-size anatomy were published almost simultaneously. The present lithographed edition was issued between 1823 and 1826 by Mascagni's literary executor and Napoleon's physician at St. Helena, Francesco Antommarchi. An edition with engraved plates was also published in Pisa under the title Anatomia universa (1823-32) (G-M 409.1).

Some copies were issued with the plates hand-colored. Digital facsimile of a black & white copy from Google Books at this link.

Bleuland's catalogue of his museum of anatomical and pathological specimens. Digital facsimile from Universiteit Utrecht at this link.

Among the most important of the English textbooks on anatomy. An eleventh edition was published in 1908-29.

In the first half of 1828, in response to increasing calls for reform, the British Parliament appointed a committee to "enquire into the manner of obtaining subjects for dissection by schools of Anatomy and the State of law affecting persons employed in obtaining and dissecting bodies." During the course of its investigation, the committee heard testimony from a wide range of witnesses, from eminent medical men to procurers of bodies for medical schools (these last identified only by initials). The medical men included Sir Astley Cooper, Benjamin Collins Brodie, John Abernethy, William Lawrence, Herbert Mayo, Granville Sharp Pattison (who himself was indicted for body-snatching at the age of 23), Thomas Southwood Smith, Henry Halford, John Webster and Benjamin Harrison, the treasurer of Guy's Hospital. The witness list can be found on page 13 of the committee's report. The testimony of these men, reproduced in full in the report, is followed by several appendices, including tables of paupers' deaths broken down by parish; the committee was proposing legislation that would allow the state to seize unclaimed corpses from workhouses and sell them to surgical schools. The committee's efforts were successful: In 1832 Parliament passed the Anatomy Act, granting licenses to teachers of anatomy and giving physicians, surgeons and medical students legal access to corpses unclaimed after death.

Issued in 12 fascicules from 1826 to 1828. Consists of 3 parts concerning anatomy and physiology, comparative anatomy specimens and pathological specimens. Includes 37 plates printed in color; 35 plates in black & white. Digital facsimile from Universiteit Utrecht at this link.

This large folio work contains 8 hand-colored lithographed plates by F. R. Say, each with multiple lift-up flaps. It is probably the largest format anatomical work ever published in English with lift-up flaps, with up to 12 layers. Also in 1828 Tuson published in the same format A supplement to myology; containing the arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics of the human body. This contained 9 hand-colored lithograph plates by Samuel G. Tovey, each also with multiple lift up flaps.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The petition to the Massachusetts legislature to legalize "the procuring of subjects for anatomical dissections" (from George Hayward's printed notice on the verso of the title page). Nine members of the Massachusetts Medical Society signed their names in type to this petition, including John Collins Warren, who was largely responsible for the passage of the Massachusetts Anatomy Act of 1831. (No. 11759). Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Includes description of the “canal of Schlemm”, the circular canal at the junction of the cornea and the sclerotic.

Marshall Hall clearly distinguished arterioles and venules from capillaries, and he described arteriovenous shunts.

Goethe believed that in 1784 he demonstrated the presence of the intermaxillary (premaxillary) bone in man, proving an anatomical connection between man and the lower animals, and certifying to Goethe that there is no fundamental difference between man and apes. He was one of the pioneers of evolution and the first to use the term “morphology”. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. See George A. Wells, "Goethe and the intermaxillary bone," British Journal for the History of Science, 3 (1967) 348-61. (Available from JSTOR at this link.)

With over 2000 pages of text and 726 lithographed plates (incorporating 3604 individual figures), this work is the most comprehensive, and perhaps the most beautiful anatomical surgical atlas of the 19th century. It was published in parts over 23 years and represented the life work of Bourgery, who died before completion. Some copies were issued with the plates in black and white at half the price of the colored copies. The black and white images lack much of the visual drama of the hand-colored plates.

The artist who directed the massive program of prosection, and who was responsible for 512 of the spectacular illustrations, was Nicholas-Henri Jacob, a student of the neo-classical painter of the French Revolution, Jacques-Louis David. Bourgery considered Jacob his full collaborator in the project. The influence of the highly finished style of David is evident in the plates for this work. Before embarking on this project Jacob had gained considerable experience drawing on stone for lithographic publications. Jacob's artistic collaborators on the project were his wife, Charlotte Hublier-Jacob, Lean Baptiste Leveillé, Edmond Pochet, E. Roussin, and others. The physiologist Claude Bernard did dissections and anatomical preparations for only two of the images and a few captions. Bernard played a somewhat greater editorial role in the slightly expanded second edition published from 1866 to 1871. For both versions the precisely-detailed hand-coloring was done by an elaborate system of stencils; otherwise the time involved in the intricate hand-coloring of all the large plates might have made the edition impossible.

The first two volumes were translated into English and issued in Paris by Delaunay in 1833 and 1837. Before this English edition was terminated the publisher also issued a fragment of volume 4. Presumably only a small number of copies of the English version were issued, as relatively few have survived as compared to the original French edition.

All the plates were reproduced in color in a modern single-volume tri-lingual folio edition: Bourgery et Jacob, Atlas of human anatomy and surgery, edited by Jean Marie Le Minor and Henri Sick (Cologne: Taschen, 2005).

On December 5, 1831, the notorious London "resurrection men" John Bishop and Thomas Williams were executed for the murder of an itinerant fourteen-year-old (known only as the "Italian Boy"), whose corpse they had then attempted to sell to the anatomical demonstrator at King's College. Five days later, the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons-whose members included such luminaries as Astley Cooper, William Lawrence, Benjamin Collins Brodie, Charles Bell and Benjamin Travers-sent the present letter to Viscount Melbourne, the British Home Secretary, urging reform of the antiquated British laws governing procurement and possession of cadavers for dissection in medical schools. 

Since the mid-eighteenth century, obtaining cadavers for teaching purposes had been regulated in Britain by the Murder Act of 1752, which stipulated that only the corpses of executed criminals could be used for dissection. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, however, improvements in medical science, coupled with a substantial drop in the number of executions, caused the demand for cadavers to far outstrip the legal supply. This situation was ripe for exploitation by "resurrection men," criminals who robbed the graves of the newly deceased and sold their corpses to teachers of anatomy, who of necessity turned a blind eye to the illegality of these transactions. Some grave-robbers even resorted to murder, including the infamous William Burke, who in 1828 was tried and executed in Edinburgh for the murders of over a dozen victims whose corpses he and his partner Hare sold to an anatomical demonstrator connected to Edinburgh University.

Calls for reform of the 1752 Murder Act began to arise as early as 1810, and in 1828, the year of Burke's execution, Parliament appointed a select committee to "enquire into the manner of obtaining subjects for dissection by schools of Anatomy and the State of law affecting persons employed in obtaining and dissecting bodies." The horrific nature of the crimes committed by Burke, Bishop and Williams aroused public sentiment in favor of reform, a sentiment echoed in the present letter from the RCS Council, which spells out in detail the untenable position of students and teachers of anatomy under the then-current law. In 1832 Parliament passed the Anatomy Act, granting licenses to teachers of anatomy and giving physicians, surgeons and medical students legal access to corpses unclaimed after death. Digital facsimile of the reproduction of the "letter" in The Lancet from Google Books at this link

This was the first law passed in the United States consigning the bodies of those who died in workhouses, hospitals, and similar institutions, the bodies of whom were "unclaimed," to medical schools for dissection. "Such measures assured the 'respectable' classes that their graves would not be plundered to provision the dissecting table, while providing anatomists with a steady suppply of free cadavers, and rescuing the profession from the taint of association with unsavory lower-class body snatchers...." (Sappol, A traffic in dead bodies, 4). John Collins Warren spearheaded the effort to get this legislation passed.

Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Cooper, the most popular surgeon in London during the early part of the 19th century, was connected with both Guy’s and St. Thomas’s Hospitals. Among his best works is his description of the thymus; he described the “reservoir” of the thymus as lined by smooth mucous membrane and running spirally, not straight, through the gland.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from digitalcollections.nypl.org at this link.

Classic work on the anatomy, physiology, bio-mechanics, comparative anatomy, and adaptive importance of the hand. Issued as a volume in a series entitled the "Bridgewater Treatises." The first edition has 288pp. An enlarged second edition with 314pp. was also published in 1833, without notice on the title page

First English work on ocular anatomy.

Published in the same large folio format as Tuson's Myology (1828), this was the largest work on hernia ever published with multiple hand-colored. lift-up flats on three plates.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Contributors included Richard Owen and Thomas Huxley, and physicians James Paget, James Young Simpson, and William Bowman.The discoveries of Purkynĕ and Valentin, together with additional observations by William Sharpey himself were embodied in an article on Cilia written by him and published in odd’s Cyclopaedia 1, 606-38. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Beschet emphasized "the relevance of anatomic investigation to dermatologic problems" (Crissey and Parish, Dermatology and syphilology of the nineteenth century, 117). In this book the authors first described the anatomy of the human sweat glands.  Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

"Dr Frederick Knox was the librarian of New Zealand's first public library. He emigrated from Scotland in July 1840 and within days of arriving in Port Nicholson became involved in establishing the country's first public library.

"The library lasted for just one year before winding up and handing over its contents to another organisation. But Knox continued to contribute to the cultural development of the country until his death in 1873....

"Records suggest that Knox did not practise as a medical practitioner in New Zealand until after he moved to the Hutt Valley, where he practised between 1851 and 1855. After this time he held various medical positions, including Resident Medical Officer to the Asylum (Karori) from 1855 to 1857, and Coroner at Porirua from 1861 to 1862. But on his death in August 1873 he was best remembered for his contribution as a scientist...." (https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/frederick-knox)

Knox was the brother of Robert Knox, who became notorious as the client of resurrection men, Burke and Hare.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The most ambitious 19th century English anatomy illustrated by lithography. Some copies were issued with hand-colored plates.  The five volumes, containing a total of 201 plates, describe the muscles, blood vessels, nerves, viscera, and bones and ligaments. Wilson designed the plates for this work, and signed some of them, but the plates were actually drawn by other artists, including J. Walsh and William Bagg, a portrait painter in London. Wilson also co-edited the second through fifth volumes. The section on the anatomy of the nerves is especially notable, with thirty-eight plates, including ten elegant colored plates of the brain and spinal cord, and a stunning colored plate showing the distribution of the eighth pair of nerves.

An atlas of arterial stems and fasciae. Translated into German as Chirurgische anatomie der Arterienstamme und Fascien neu Bearbeitet von Julius Szymanowski. Leipzig und Heidelberg: C. F. Winter, 1850. Digital facsimile of the 1850 edition from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

Gannal discovered the efficacy of solutions of aluminum acetate and chloride for preserving anatomical preparations. His method of embalming involved injection of solutions of aluminum salts into the arteries. Translated into English with notes and additions by R. Harlan as History of Embalming and of preparations in anatomy, pathology, and natural history; including an account of a new process for embalming. (Philadelphia: Judah Dobson, 1840). Digital facsimile of the 1838 edition from the Internet Archive at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1840 translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

Classical description of striated muscle

“Pacini’s corpuscles”, end organs of sensory nerves, earlier described by Vater in 1717.

Many of the histological discoveries of Henle are described in the above. He classified tissues histologically. In the section on Gefässnerven (pp. 510, 690) Henle demonstrated the presence of smooth muscle in the endothelial coat of small arteries. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Plates lithographed after drawings by Émile Beau. Digital facsimile from BnFGallica at this link.

Kobelt provided the first comprehensive and accurate description of the function of the clitoris.Digital facsimile from digi.ub.uni-heidelberg at this link.

“Huxley’s layer” and “membrane” of the root sheath of hair follicles.

John Goodsir’s paper on “Centres of nutrition” anticipates to a certain extent the cell doctrine afterwards developed by Virchow (see No. 2299). Virchow dedicated the first edition of his Cellularpathologie to Goodsir. Goodsir’s paper on the bone-forming properties of certain corpuscles found within osseous tissue represent the foundation of the study of osteogenesis, as distinct from descriptive osteology.

Harry Goodsir, brother of John Goodsir, "served as surgeon and naturalist on the ill-fated Franklin expedition. His body was never found, but forensic studies in 2009 on skeletal remains earlier recovered from King William Island in Canada suggest that they may be those of Harry Goodsir" (Wikipedia article on Harry Goodsir).

Digital facsimile of the 20th edition from Google Books at this link.

First English textbook on microscopical anatomy. His description of the concentric corpuscles of the thymus (p. 9) led to the term “Hassall’s corpuscles”.

Hyrtl’s Lehrbuch passed through 22 editions and was translated into the principal modern languages.

Description of “Gerlach’s valve”, sometimes seen at the orifice of the appendix.

Hyrtl, professor of anatomy at Vienna, published the first text on topographical anatomy in German. He was for 30 years the most popular lecturer on the subject in Europe, and ranks as one of the greatest of medical scholars.

The discovery of the “fibers of Sharpey” is reported on pp. cxlii-cxliii.

The “cave of Retzius” described.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Leydig was the first to describe the interstitial cells of the testis (“Leydig cells”).

"The drawings of Maclise for Quain's Anatomy of the arteries and for his own Surgical anatomy are indeed done, as Quain wrote, with spirit and effect. These figures of anatomical dissection seem lifelike; in many plates the figure is shown as a torso, or a bust, or as a full-or half-length figure. The faces seem to be a gallery of portraits, perhaps of visitors to the 1851 Great Exhibition. They are mostly young men with fine hair-bearded, clean-shaven, or mustachioed, with or without sideburns; occasionally there are remarkably handsome black men. Many appear god-like. This is indeed 'high' art, only incidentally of an anatomical subject. If the analogy is not too far-fetched, Maclise's drawing may be compared with the work in different media of the English Romantic poets or of the composer Berlioz. The same comparisons have been made in relation to the work of the Victorian artist Daniel Maclise (1806-70), Joseph Maclise's older brother. They remained close, traveling in Italy together, and sharing houses in Bloomsbury and Chelsea" (Roberts & Tomlinson p. 564) Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Knox, remembered because of his indiscreet association with the Edinburgh “resurrectionists”, was one of the best teachers of anatomy during the 19th century.

Pirogov was the greatest of Russian surgeons. He introduced the teaching of applied topographical anatomy in Russia. His atlas of 220 plates represents the first use on a grand scale of frozen sections in anatomical illustration, an idea first carried out by de Riemer (No. 408).

Treitz, a Czech pathologist, discovered the muscle at the duodenojejunal junction, later called “muscle of Treitz”; the fold of peritoneum over the muscle of Treitz is known as the "ligament of Treitz."

The first original Persian-language anatomy textbook based on western medical science, printed in a very small number of copies for the use of Polak’s Persian students. Polak, an Austrian physician, was responsible for establishing a modern European-based medical curriculum in Iran, augmenting (and eventually supplanting) the traditional Galenic medicine that had been taught in that country since the tenth century. At the invitation of the Persian government, Polak moved to Tehran in November 1851 to teach at Iran’s Dar al-Fonun (now the University of Tehran), the country’s first modern institute of higher learning, which included a medical school for the training of army physicians. He remained at the school for over eight years, returning to Austria in 1860.

During his tenure at Dar al-Fonun Polak instructed classes of 15-20 students in the basics of Western medicine and surgery—a task made more difficult by the students’ lack of the necessary scientific knowledge and background, since these first pupils “consisted mostly of princes, sons of courtiers and other high government officials” (Floor, The beginnings of modern medicine in Iran, pp. 1-15).

Considered by many authorities to be the greatest of the 19th-century systems of anatomy. Many structures are named after Henle, including the looped portion of the uriniferous tubules of the kidney, the layer of cells in the root sheath of a hair, and the ampulla of the uterine tube.

Sibson was professor of medicine at St. Mary’s Hospital. “Sibson’s fascia” and “muscle” are named after him. Plates 19-21 show movements, structure and sounds of the heart.

In his Investigations on the development of the base of the skull in healthy and diseased conditions, and on the influence of the same upon skull form, facial structure and brain formation Virchow laid the foundation for an anatomical treatment of craniology, identifying "as a problem for investigation the relationship between the shape of the skull, the facial structure and the formation of the brain. His conclusion was that all typical variations in facial structure rest chiefly upon differences in the formation of the base of the skull." (Arthur E. R. Boak, "Rudolf Virchow. Anthropologist and Archeologist," The Scientific Monthly, 13, 1921, 41.)

In this work Virchow also first described "Chordoma", a rare type of bone cancer, and "Platybasia", an abnormal flattening of the base of the skull. The work included 6 colored plates. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Gray’s textbook of anatomy remains today a standard work on the subject in the English-speaking world. The 37th edition appeared in 1989; the first American edition was published at Philadelphia, 1859. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Humphry was professor of anatomy at Cambridge and became the first professor of surgery there. He founded the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology in 1867. “Humphry’s ligament” of the knee-joint is described on p. 546 of the above book and pictured on plate 53, fig. 1.

“Ollier’s layer”, the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum.

Leidy illustrated this book himself. He was professor of anatomy at Philadelphia and the leading American anatomist of his time.

Issued in 10 parts in folio (510 x 360 mm). Includes 46 large-format original photographs mounted on sheets of cardboard. 

“Recklinghausen’s canals”, the lymph canaliculi.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first American medical book illustrated with photomechanically reproduced plates. Oliver Wendell Holmes praised the book for its remarkable photomicrographs, which may be the first published of brain cross-sections. On pp. 66-69 Dean described his method of preparing specimens using a modified Clarke technique, and photographing with a common camera fitted with an adapter of his design to his Smith & Beck microscope.

This huge atlas of obstetric wall charts contains 20 chromolithographed plates measuring over 3 feet by 2 feet, illustrating the female reproductive anatomy, stages of pregnancy, normal and breech presentations of the fetus, and various types of vaginal delivery. These plates were intended to be mounted on the wall; they are probably the largest obstetrical charts ever published in book form. Included is an illustration of “Schultze’s mechanism” of normal placental separation and expulsion, in which the placenta slips “through the same rent in the membranes from which the fetus emerged . . . pulling its attached membranes along, inner surface showing, like a sock turned inside out” (Speert, Obstetrics and Gynecology: A History and Iconography, p. 250). Schultze, a professor of obstetrics at the University of Jena, is also known for his invention of the Schultze obstetric simulator, a dummy or manikin of the female pelvis used to demonstrate the mechanism of childbirth; this device was widely used in both Germany and the United States. Digital facsimile of the text from Google Books at this link.

First account of the islets of Langerhans. In 1893 Édouard Laguesse attached the name of Langerhans to the structures. Langerhans did not suggest any function for them. The book was reprinted with an English translation by H. Morrison, Bull. Hist. Med., 1937, 5, 259-97.

“Langhans’s layer”—the cytotrophoblast, the individual cells of which are termed “Langhans’s cells”.

Fine illustrations of frozen sections. Translated into English by Edward Bellamy as An atlas of topographical anatomy after plane sections of frozen bodies. (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1877).

Supplement to No. 424.

Hyrtl significantly enhanced the techniques of corrosion anatomy, a technique of preparing anatomical specimens invented by Frederik Ruysch. He built up a collection unsurpassed in Europe. In this work Hyrtl described a method that he invented in which he injected the blood supplies of the different organs, the adjacent parts being eaten away by acids, in order to show the finest ramifications. The technique of wax impregnation and later corrosion was also known to the Hunters. Digital facsimile from the Heidelberg University at this link

“Kupffer cells” – macrophage stellate cells in the lining of the blood channels in the liver.

Confocal microscopy picture showing the steady-state location and interactions between Kupffer cells (Red), hepatic stellate cells (green) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (blue). Cell nuclei are in grey. (Wikipedia article on Kupffer cell, accessed 4-2020).

On the technique of dissection. English translation, London, 1876.

Heidenhain pouch.

The first atlas of cross-sectional anatomy published in the United States. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link

Reid’s base line – the anthropometric base line on the skull.

“Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring”, the lymphoid ring of the nasopharynx.

Like Braune’s other anatomical works, this is notable for its excellent illustrations.

“Illustrated with lithographs from hand-drawings, photographs from the nude, ethnic studies of facial features…The text…is of unusual historic interest, and includes special chapters on the anatomy of the infant, human proportions, and ethnic morphology” (Choulant, transl. Frank).

One of the better illustrated American trade catalogues of the period describing available anatomical models, charts, skeletons for use in teaching. Reprinted, along with several other catalogues relating to instrumentation in The Queen Catalogues. With a new introduction by Deborah Jean Warner. 2 vols. San Francisco: Norman Publishing, 1993.

“Sphincter of Oddi” of the bile duct, already known to Glisson in 1654. Reprinted as a pamphlet, Perugia, 1887.

The first part of this work concerns cross-sectional anatomy; the second part systematically discusses the differences between anatomy in children and adults of different parts of the body.

7th edition, 1921-23.

“Hartmann’s pouch”, a dilatation of the neck of the gall-bladder.

Includes 97 beautiful chromolithographed plates dissected, photographed, and colored from nature by McClellan. Digital facsimile of the 2nd edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

“Brodie’s ligament”, the transverse humoral ligament, described.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Intended to supplement and illustrate Macewen’s neurosurgical textbook published the same year (No. 4872). Includes coronal, sagittal and horizontal sections with commentary on each.

Digital facsimile of vol. 1 from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

16th edition in English, 1967.

His was largely responsible for the Basle Nomina Anatomica, the first attempt to produce a standard anatomical nomenclature. English translation by L.F. Barker, 1907.

The “cells of Kultschitzky” in the epithelium of the intestine, between the cells which line the gland of Lieberkühn.

Presents virtually all of Huxley's scientific papers arranged in chronological order, as well as reports of his Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourses. The final supplemental volume contains the remainder of Huxley’s survey memoir on fossil fishes, along with three papers not collected elsewhere.

“Addison’s transpyloric plane”. Addison was Britain’s first Minister of Health (1919-21).

Meigs discovered that the capillaries of the heart enter the heart muscle fibers. These became known as "Meigs capillaries." Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Keats was a pupil and dresser at Guy’s Hospital from 1815-16, and was licensed to practice upon completion of his studies. While struggling to launch his poetic career he was often tempted to practice medicine, but never did so.

Pages 197-223 concern "Modern bibliographic control of medical literature." Development of MEDLARS, MEDLARS II, MEDLINE.

A finely written and superbly illustrated and produced study of Retzius's life and published works, issued in the style of Retzius's magnificent publications.

An exhaustive account of the creation, production, distribution and influence of this classic.

The painter and printmaker Fragonard preserved the results of his dissections via means never divulged, but which may have been based on those of Jean-Joseph Sue. His pieces were often prepared for theatrical effect rather than scientific exhibition, as can be seen in the surviving pieces in the Musée Fragonard d'Alfort.

Outstanding color photographs.